PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CAUSES-Processing symbolic information from a visual display: Interference from an irrelevant directional cue.

Non-Diagnostic information: information that is irrelevant to a behavior

Comparative psychologists emphasize studies of the genetic, neural, and hormonal bases of animal behavior.

explore how animals receive information,
and the processes and nature of the behavior patterns constituting
the animals responses to their surroundings, ethologica, depicting character

study the behavior of closely related species to consider the
evolution and origin of certain behavior patterns.

animal communication, mating behavior, and social behavior.
Behavioral ecology emphasizes the ecological aspects of animal
behavior. Predator-prey interactions, foraging strategies, reproductive
strategies, habitat selection, intraspecific and
interspecific competition, and social behavior are topics of interest
to behavioral ecologists.
Sociobiology is the study of the evolution of social behavior.
It combines many aspects of ethology and behavioral ecology. Sociobiologists
emphasize the importance of natural selection on individuals
living in groups.Behavioral scientists frequently ask, “Why do animals do what
they do?” More immediate ecological and physiological causes of
behavior, such as eating to satisfy hunger, are called proximate
causes. Another level of causation in behavior occurs on the evolutionary
time scale and is that of ultimate causes. For example, a display
not only attracts a mate, but also increases the likelihood of
passing genetic information to the next generation.

application of human characteristics to anything not human. In
observations of animals, assigning human feelings to animal behavior
is not likely to be accurate, especially with invertebrate
animals. Consider the example of placing an earthworm on a fishhook.
Does the fishhook hurt the earthworm, causing it to writhe
in pain? Both of the descriptive words, hurt and pain, are based on
human experience and conscious awareness. A better explanation
that reduces the anthropomorphic interpretation is that placing
the earthworm on the hook stimulates certain receptors which
generate nerve impulses that travel along reflex neural circuits.
The impulses stimulate muscles that allow the worm to wriggle in
an attempt to escape from the hook. This explanation more
closely describes what has been observed and does not attempt to
suggest what the earthworm “feels.”

Development of a normal behavior pattern requires the genes that
code for the formation of the structures and organs involved in the
behavior. For example, in vertebrates, normal locomotion movements
will not occur without proper development and growth of
the limbs. This process requires some interaction with the animal’s
environment because proper nourishment, water balance,
and other factors must be maintained for normal development.

Some behavior patterns appear only after a specific developmental
stage or time.

During maturation, performance of the behavior
pattern improves as parts of the nervous system and other structures
complete development.

A classic example is tail movement in frog embryos that are near hatching. While still in the egg membranes, they start moving their tails as they would if they
were swimming, and movement coordination improves with time.
These improved movements are due to maturation, not practice
or experience.

Interaction of inherited (i.e., instinctive) and learned components
shapes a number of behavior patterns.

For example, young socialists raised in isolation without the chance to catch live prey did not attack a white boy placed with them, unless the boy tried to escape.

At first, their attacks were not efficient, but after some experience,
they were seizing prey by the neck and rapidly killing them.

Apparently,
learning refines inherited components of this behavior.

Late Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction Consistent With YDB Impact Hypothesis at Younger Dryas Onset

three diamond allotropes (cubic diamond, lonsdaleite, and n-diamond) in an extraterrestrial (ET) impact layer (the YDB), dating to the Younger Dryas onset at 12.9 ka


rounded to highly angular, and range in size from 1 to 1700 nm with most between 1 and 50 nm. Concentrations are up to 3700 ppb, equaling more than 1 billion diamonds per cm3 of sediment (comparable to K/T levels of 3600 ppb).



No diamonds were detected above or below the YDB layer at any site tested.
These diamonds could not have formed from volcanic activity, because they combust at temperatures above 500°C in the presence of atmospheric levels of oxygen, and micrometeoritic diamonds are similarly destroyed. Also, the diamonds could not have accumulated from the constant rain of micrometeoritic debris, because multi-billions occur in YDB layer samples, but yet none have been found in non-YDB strata dating from 55,000 RCYBP to present.

EM VERDADE VOS DIGO QUEIMEM SÓCRATES EM  CICUTA

E NOVAS RELVAS SURGIRÃO PARA QUEIMAR EM AUTOS DE CAFÉ

POIS SE AS ERVAS DANINHAS SÃO AQUELAS QUE NÓS PERCEPCIONAMOS

COMO INÚTEIS

SÃO TAMBÉM AS MAIS COMPETITIVAS

POIS COMO DIZ O PAPÁ SMURF NO SEU LIVRO À ABORDAGEM MARUJOS

O ESTADO DEPENDE DUM CORSÁRIO COM MUITOS S.S.'S AO LUME D' ÁGUA

E OUTROS NO TOMBADILHO

PARA ARRANCAREM O CARVÃO DE ALTA PRESSÃO

AOS ANIMAES EXTINTOS PELOS PROCESSOS LEGAIS


YDB diamonds are associated with abundance peaks in magnetic spherules, carbon spherules, soot, and iridium, which can peak in impact layers of known ET events, such as the K/T and the 1908 airburst at Tunguska, Siberia. Furthermore, a high proportion of the nanodiamonds are found deeply embedded within spherical particles of melted plant resins, a fact inexplicable by any normal terrestrial process. Altogether, this evidence strongly suggests that the widespread and abundant nanodiamonds constrained to the thin YDB layer resulted from a major ET impact/airburst at 12.9 ka.

The MELTING Ice Shelf

In August trinetrogon air photographs of the ice shelves
were taken from an altitude of 6km (around 20 000’).
In July comprehensive air photograph coverage of the ice
shelves was taken along north-south flight
lines at an altitude of 9km (30 OOO’).
In July flights along the north coast included photography
of only the ice fronts of ice shelves.

The undulating surface of parallel troughs
and ridges is very clear as meltwater in the troughs creates a
darker tone than the ridges.
The 2.5 m amplitude, 300 m
wavelength undulations are interrupted by both rehealed and
open fractures that are partly filled with water. The fracturing of
the ice shelf has created a open ice that appears to be only weakly attached, probably in part by sea
ice, to the ice shelf .
A comparison clearly shows that the front of Ice
Shelf underwent some change

ACOUSTIC SOUNDS

THE GUITAR IS THE DEVIL RIGHT HAND


THE BUMBLEBEE CAN'T FLY

BUT .....

'People Say' - Portugal. The Man

Adequatus ao Klimasturz'People Say' - Portugal. The Man

SURFING

PHysics in action

COBOL TURNS 50 WAR TURNS 50,000 WAR IS FOREVER

COBOL COBOL